Oleh: Joseph Viandrito
(dari berbagai sumber)
Tahun ini kita menyaksikan banyak korban berjatuhan akibat bencana topan badai. Pemerintah Burma menyatakan, lebih dari 10.000 orang tewas akibat angin topan badai yang menghantam Birma bulan Mei 2008 lalu. Di bulan Juni lalu, Topan Badai Fengshen juga melanda Filipina selatan dan menyebabkan banjir bandang dan tanah longsor.
Gelombang laut tinggi disertai angin berkecepatan tinggi juga sering menerpa wilayah Indonesia, khususnya di Nias and Mentawai, lokasi kegiatan Program Siaga Bencana SAI. Melalui artikel ini kita ingin menyampaikan informasi tentang topan badai dan bagaimana kita dapat menghadapinya.
Topan Badai Tropis atau umumnya disebut Siklon Tropis adalah fenomena alam berupa pusaran angin, hujan dan badai petir dalam suatu daerah tertutup. Siklon tropis hanya dapat tumbuh dan berkembang di atas wilayah perairan tropis dan sub tropis yang hangat dengan kelembaban udara tinggi. Di seluruh dunia terdapat sejumlah wilayah–wilayah perairan tempat tumbuh dan berkembangnya siklon tropis dengan pola musiman yang khas di setiap wilayah.
Walaupun merupakan fenomena yang tumbuh di lautan, pergerakan siklon tropis dapat mengarah ke daratan sehingga dapat menimbulkan bencana serius dengan kerugian material dan korban manusia yang besar. Dengan mengetahui pergerakan badai tropis serta memahami dampak yang bisa ditimbulkannya, maka kita dapat melakukan upaya antisipasi untuk mencegah kerugian lebih besar.
Badai Tropis merupakan pusaran angin tertutup pada suatu wilayah bertekanan udara rendah. Kekuatan angin yang terjadi pada Badai Tropis dapat mencapai kecepatan lebih dari 128 km/jam dengan jangkauan lebih dari 200 Km dan berlangsung selama beberapa hari hingga lebih dari satu minggu.
Siklon Tropis merupakan istilah yang bersifat umum, selanjutnya menurut tingkat kematangan formasi bentuk dan kekuatannya siklon tropis dapat diklasifikasikan atas:
1. Depresi Tropis (Tropical Depression)
Pada depresi tropis sudah terjadi sistem tekanan rendah yang menyebabkan lingkaran awan dan badai petir pada suatu daerah tertutup namun belum terlihat bentuk spiral dan mata. Kecepatan angin berkisar dari 17 hingga 33 knot. Pada depressi tropis tidak diberikan nama yang khas
2. Badai Tropis (Tropical Storm)
Pada badai tropis mulai terlihat bentuk spiral, namun tidak terlihat adanya mata. Kecepatan angin maksimum berkisar dari 17 hingga 33 meter per detik ( 34 s/d 63 knot, 39 s/d 73 mph atau 62 s/d 117 km/jam). Untuk Badai Tropis diberikan nama-nama yang khas untuk membedakan antara setiap kejadian badai tropis.
3. Badai Hurricane
Pada badai Hurricane terlihat jelas bentuk spiral dan terlihat adanya mata. Kecepatan angin bisa mencapai lebih dari 69 meter per detik. Dampak kerugian yang diakibatkan oleh Hurricane sangat fantastis, meliputi wilayah kejadian (seperti daerah permukiman atau lautan terbuka) serta sanggup memicu bencana alam susulan seperti banjir atau longsor, serta merenggut banyak kerugian dan korban manusia.
Dalam satu tahun dapat terjadi beberapa kali badai tropis dalam suatu wilayah. Untuk membedakan antara setiap kejadian badai tropis serta memudahkan komunikasi seperti memberi peringatan pada masyarakat akan bahaya badai tropis yang akan datang, maka diberikan nama-nama pada badai tropis.
Aturan penamaan mengikuti urutan abjad dan dirunut dari waktu kejadiannya. Badai tropis atau Hurricane yang pertama terjadi pada suatu tahun atau periode pengamatan akan diberi nama yang dimulai dengan huruf “A” misal “Anna”, untuk badai tropis kedua dinamai dengan huruf awal “B” seperti “Beth” , dan seterusnya.
Setiap wilayah perairan menggunakan daftar nama yang berbeda. Aturan penamaan dimulai pada masa perang dunia ke dua dengan mengambil nama-nama khas perempuan, namun sejak tahun 1978 nama khas pria mulai masuk dalam daftar nama.
Pada setiap akhir tahun daftar nama akan ditinjau ulang , nama-nama dari badai tropis yang telah menimbulkan banyak kerusakan dan korban manusia pada tahun tersebut akan dihapuskan dan diganti dengan nama yang lain. Hal ini berguna untuk keperluan mencatat kedahsyatan peristiwa badai tropis atau Hurricane tersebut dan membedakannya dari badai tropis biasa.
Pada satu tahun di seluruh dunia terdapat rata-rata 80 kali peristiwa siklon tropis. Hampir seluruh siklon tropis tumbuh dan berkembang pada wilayah perairan di zona 30 derajat dari katulistiwa, yang disebut Zona Konvergensi Antara Tropis (ITCZ Intertropical Convergence Zone). Zona ini merupakan tempat terkumpulnya awan-awan hujan yang deras dan berhari-hari serta menimbulkan angin kencang.
Terjadinya Badai Tropis
Syarat utama untuk dapat tumbuh dan berkembangnya siklon tropis adalah kelembaban udara yang tinggi karena banyaknya kandungan uap air. Syarat tersebut dapat dipenuhi oleh daerah perairan ( lautan) di zona tropis dan subtropis yang temperaturnya dapat mencapai > 260 C.
Puncak aktifitas siklon tropis di seluruh dunia, terjadi pada akhir musim panas yakni ketika laut mencapai temperatur paling hangat. Namun di setiap wilayah terdapat pola musiman yang berbeda. Sumber utama energi raksasa penggerak badai tropis berasal dari proses kondensasi yakni yakni mengembunnya kandungan uap air pada udara lembab yang bergerak naik ke ketinggian atmosfer yang dingin. Pada proses kondensasi, uap air akan melepas energi panas kandungannya. Energi panas yang dilepaskan oleh uap air akan terkumpul menjadi energi penggerak dari badai tropis. Selain udara lembab juga diperlukan unsur-unsur lain seperti lautan hangat, adanya gangguan cuaca, dan angin yang bergerak naik membawa udara lembab. Bila unsur-unsur tersebut berlangsung cukup lama, maka terjadilah angin kencang, gelombang laut tinggi , hujan deras dan banjir yang mengikuti fenomena badai tropis.
Secara umum, Aktifitas siklon tropis di belahan bumi Selatan berlangsung dari akhir Oktober hingga Mei, dengan puncak aktifitas terjadi pada pertengahan Februari hingga awal Maret.Badai tropis pada umumnya tumbuh dan berkembang di wilayah perairan bebas seperti lautan yang tidak didiami manusia kecuali untuk pelayaran. Oleh karena itu jarang terjadi bencana akibat badai tropis pada manusia. Walaupun demikian, pergerakan badai tropis dapat mengarah ke daratan dan bila hal ini terjadi akan timbul bencana yang menewaskan ribuan manusia dengan kerugian material mencapai jutaan dollar.
Siklon tropis mempunyai ciri-ciri khas yang membedakannya dari fenomena meteorologi lainnya. Berbeda dari siklon sub tropis yang sumber energinya berasal dari pra kondisi beda suhu di atmosfer, pada siklon tropis harus yang tersedia kelembaban dan uap air yang diperlukannya untuk dapat tumbuh dan berkembang untuk itu badai tropis memerlukan daerah perairan hangat
Secara umum wilayah terjadinya siklon tropis dikelompokkan atas dua wilayah utama yakni belahan bumi utara dan belahan bumi selatan. Siklon tropis yang terbentuk di belahan bumi utara memiliki arah putaran siklon tropisnya searah jarum jam, sedangkan di belahan bumi selatan, arah putaran siklon tropisnya berlawanan dengan arah jarum jam.
Pada kantor dinas Meteorologi datangnya Badai Tropis dapat diamati dengan memperhatikan ciri-ciri kedatangannya yaitu pola angin tertutup yang memutar di suatu wilayah dan juga terlihat dari sekelompok awan yang mengumpul.
Dampak Negatif
Siklon tropis matang rata-rata dapat melepaskan energi panas hingga 6 x 1014 watt, sebanding dengan 200 kali rata-rata total produksi perusahaan listrik seluruh dunia atau sebanding dengan ledakan 10 megaton bom nuklir setiap 20 menit.
Siklon tropis pada lautan terbuka akan menimbulkan gelombang tinggi, hujan deras dan angin berkecepatan tinggi, sehingga mengganggu jadwal pelayaran bahkan menenggelamkan kapal-kapal. Walau demikian, dampak terbesar dari siklon tropis terjadi apabila siklon tropis bergerak ke arah daratan dan menyebabkan tanah runtuh.
Siklon tropis yang bergerak ke arah daratan dapat menyebabkan kerusakan langsung lewat empat macam cara, yakni :
• Angin berkecepatan tinggi
Kekuatan angin hurricane dapat menghancurkan mobil, bangunan, jembatan, dan sebagainya. Kekuatan angin dapat menerbangkan berbagai macam benda yang dapat menghantam penduduk yang berada di daerah terbuka.
• Gelombang laut (storm surge)
Bencana terburuk dari siklon tropis disebabkan oleh melonjaknya gelombang laut. Gelombang laut tinggi akan masuk ke daratan dan menyeret penduduk yang berada di kawasan pantai. Sekitar 80 % korban tewas akibat badai tropis disebabkan terjangan gelombang laut.
• Hujan deras
Aktifitas badai petir pada siklon tropis menimbulkan hujan lebat. Sungai dan saluran air akan meluap, jalan-jalan tidak dapat dilewati, dan dapat disusul oleh tanah longsor.
• Angin Tornado
Radius wilayah hurricane yang luas dapat menebarkan angin tornado di berbagai tempat. Meskipun tidak sekuat hurricane, angin tornado dapat menyebabkan kerusakan serius.
Berbagai peristiwa tragis
Beberapa nama badai tropis yang paling banyak menelan korban manusia terbesar antara lain :
• Siklon Bhola
Pada tanggal 13 November 1970, siklon Bhola berkecepatan 100 mph ( 160Km/jam) menghantam wilayah delta Gangga (Bangladesh) dan menewaskan 200.000 hingga 500.000 jiwa manusia.
• Great Hurricane
Peristiwa Great Hurricane di tahun 1780 merupakan bencana Hurricane terbesar untuk wilayah Atlantik. Kejadian di wilayah Antiles ini menelan sekitar 20.000 hingga 30.000 jiwa manusia tewas.
• Hurricane Galveston
Pada tahun 1900, Hurricane Galveston termasuk kategori 4 pada Skala Saffir-Simpson telah menimbulkan tanah longsor hebat di Galveston, Texas, yang menewaskan 6.000 hingga 12.000 jiwa manusia.
• Hurricane Mitch
Banjir hebat dan longsoran lumpur yang mengikuti Hurricane Mitch pada tahun 1998 di Honduras menyebabkan tewasnya lebih dari 10.000 jiwa manusia hingga mengubah struktur wilayah Honduras.
• Hurricane Andrew
Rekor besarnya kerugian akibat bencana badai hurricane masih dipegang oleh Hurricane Andrew. Kerugian material terbesar mencapai 25 juta dollar AS akibat badai tropis yang terjadi pada tahun 1992 dan menyapu habis wilayah Florida, Amerika Serikat.
• Typhoon Tip
Rekor badai tropis terkuat dan terbesar dipegang oleh Typhoon Tip yang terjadi pada tahun 1970 di wilayah Barat Laut Samudra Pasifik. Typhoon tip menjangkau radius wilayah hingga 1.350 mil atau 2.170 Km (bandingkan dengan rata–rata radius wilayah siklon tropis yang hanya 300 mil atau 480 Km ), sedangkan tekanan udara permukaan minimum pada Typhoon tip hanya 879 mb dan kecepatan anginnya 190 mph atau 305 Km/jam.
• Badai tropis Allison
Siklon tropis lemah (yang masih tergolong badai tropis atau Hurricane lemah) juga dapat menimbulkan bencana besar. Badai tropis Allison di Texas pada tahun 2001 menimbilkan kerugian 5 juta dollar dan korban tewas 41 orang. Pada tahun 2004 di Haiti, peristiwa Hurricane Jeanne yang masih termasuk kelas badai tropis dapat menyebabkan tewasnya 3000 orang karena dampak banjir dan longsoran lumpur yang mengikuti badai tropis tersebut.
Bagaimana menghadapinya?
Badai tropis merupakan fenomena meteorologis yang sangat potensial menimbulkan dampak kerusakan pada daerah yang dilaluinya. Kekuatan alam pada badai tropis begitu besar dan tak ada upaya manusia yang mampu mencegah atau menghilangkan badai tropis. Hal terbaik yang dapat dilakukan adalah mengenali potensi bahaya yang ada dan melakukan antisipasi agar terhindar dari bencana badai tropis.
Upaya antisipasi yang dapat dilakukan antara lain:
• Mengikuti perkembangan informasi cuaca terutama bila ada peringatan akan datangnya badai tropis.
• Hindari bepergian ke daerah pantai pada saat musim badai tropis.
• Berdiam di rumah dengan menutup seluruh pintu dan jendela pada saat terjadi badai tropis
• Menghindar jauh dari pantai saat terjadi badai tropis.
Tindakan saat terjadi badai
• Tetap berada di dalam rumah, kecuali apabila dianjurkan untuk mengungsi.
• Walaupun tidak ada anjuran, masyarakat harus tetap bersiap untuk mengungsi.
• Apabila dianjurkan untuk tinggal di dalam rumah maka semua persediaan sudah disiapkan.
• Jika diperlukan, tinggal di suatu ruangan yang paling aman di dalam rumah.
• Matikan semua sumber api, aliran listrik dan peralatan elektronik.
• Terus mendengarkan radio agar mengetahui perubahan kondisi.
Tindakan setelah terjadi badai
• Usahakan untuk tidak segera memasuki daerah sampai dinyatakan aman
Banyak kegiatan berlangsung untuk membenahi daerah yang baru terlanda bencana ini. Untuk memperlancar proses ini sebaiknya orang yang tidak berkepentingan dilarang masuk.
• Gunakan senter untuk memeriksa kerusakan.
Jangan menyalakan aliran listrik sebelum dinyatakan aman. Jauhi kabel-kabel listrik yang
terjatuh di tanah. Untuk menghindari kecelakaan, jalan yang terbaik adalah menjauhi kabel-kabel ini.
• Matikan gas dan aliran listrik.
Untuk menghindari kebakaran, apabila tercium bau gas segera matikan aliran gas dan apabila ada kerusakan listrik segera matikan aliran dengan mencabut sekring. Ini hanya boleh dilakukan oleh orang yang benar-benar paham tentang listrik.
• Pergunakan telepon hanya untuk keadaan darurat.
Jaringan telepon akan menjadi sangat sibuk pada saat seperti ini. Kepentingan untuk
meminta bantuan harus diutamakan.
• Mendengarkan radio untuk mengetahui perubahan kondisi.
Selasa, 22 Juli 2008
Minggu, 20 Juli 2008
Nias KAP Survey - Findings
BY: JOSEPH VIANDRITO
E-Prep Nias team conducted Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) Survey in 33 villages located in Sirombu, Afulu and Teluk Dalam Sub-District in Nias and South Nias in early 2008. Some findings found:
1. Lack of basic knowledge:
a. Lack of basic knowledge about earthquake.
* Question no. 3.: What makes the quake happened?
- Half of people (46.3%) are not know or not sure that earthquake is caused by fault movement.
- Amounted 87,83% (means 9 of 10 people) believe that storm and strong winds can cause earthquake. In the coast of Mentawai and Nias, storm and strong winds is a daily occurence.
* Question no. 4: Can we predict the earthquake?
- Worth 29.36% people stated that the upcoming quake can be predicted. While 16.71% are not sure. Totally 46.06% (half of respondents) gave wrong answer.
3 What is the cause of earthquake? Yes
No
Not Sure Total Respondent Yes
% No
% Not Sure %
a. Fault movement 224 27 167 419 53,46 6,44 39,86
b. Mount eruption 377 12 30 419 89,98 2,86 7,16
c. Landslides 180 184 55 419 42,96 43,91 13,13
d. Typhoon 51 296 72 419 12,17 70,64 17,18
e. Oil drilling 63 204 152 419 15,04 48,69 36,28
4 Can we predict an earthquake? 123 225 70 419 29,36 53,70 16,71
b. Lack of basic knowledge on building codes.
- The data shows below that 9 of 10 people (91.65%) do not know (No or Not Sure) the characteristics of an earthquake resistance house.
- About 3 of 5 people (No and Not Sure) that put house foundation deeper will make the house get stronger.
- Worth 55.61% respondents are still confusing in how to choose building materials.
6 What are the criteria of an earthquake resistant house? Yes
No
Not Sure Total Respondent Yes
% No
% Not Sure %
a. Good shape 35 115 269 419 8,35 27,45 64,20
b. Good building foundation 176 150 94 419 42,00 35,80 22,43
c. Good building material
186 123 110 419 44,39 29,36 26,25
d. Light material 317 63 39 419 75,66 15,04 9,31
c. Lack of basic knowledge on how to do during/after earthquake.
- At question no. 7 d and e, both gave results amounted 28.16% people (No and Not sure) are still not aware that hanging things and glass windows are hazard.
- At question no. 7 f, we found that 23.39% (No and Not Sure) are still not know how to do after the quake ended.
7 What will you do in case of earthquake? Yes
No
Not Sure Total Respondent Yes
% No
% Not Sure %
a. Go to safe place (under a table) 298 91 30 419 71,12 21,72 7,16
b. Protect our head 326 67 26 419 77,80 15,99 6,21
c. Go to open field 417 2 0 419 99,52 0,48 -
d. Stay away from hanging things 301 68 50 419 71,84 16,23 11,93
e. Stay away from glass window/wall 301 72 46 419 71,84 17,18 10,98
f. Leave after the shake finished 321 82 16 419 76,61 19,57 3,82
g. Go out from high building when quake happened 244 143 32 419 58,23 34,13 7,64
d. Lack of basic knowledge about tsunami.
- People are still confused about what makes tsunami occured. At question 9 d, totally 43.44% (Yes and Not Sure) of respondents said that typhoon and storm will cause tsunami.
9 Can these events cause a tsunami? Yes
No
Not Sure Total Respondent Yes
% No
% Not Sure %
a. Quake under the sea 301 24 94 419 71,84 5,73 22,43
b. Mount eruption under the sea 315 21 83 419 75,18 5,01 19,81
c. Landslides under the sea 195 97 127 419 46,54 23,15 30,31
d. Typhoon 81 236 101 419 19,33 56,32 24,11
2. Lack of information and communication
- People are still depend on their relatives and family to get information about earthquake and tsunami (73.27%). While in some places they can get access of information from television (65.39%). However, in sudden situation television is useless since the electricity power will be dropped.
- Limited information about disasters from posters, leaflet, handbook, and billboard (85,68% for No and Not Sure), also from seminar, socialization and meeting (66.11%) bring opportunity for the E-Prep program to fill the gap
13 From where do you get information about earthquake and tsunami? Yes
No
Not Sure Total Respondent Yes
% No
% Not Sure %
a. Radio 225 190 4 419 53,70 45,35 0,95
b. Television 274 142 2 419 65,39 33,89 0,48
c. Newspaper, magazines, bulletin 102 298 18 419 24,34 71,12 4,30
d. Handbook, poster, leaflet, billboard, early warning signs 59 337 22 419 14,08 80,43 5,25
e. Socialization, seminar, meeting 141 263 14 419 33,65 62,77 3,34
f. Relatives, friends, neighbours 307 110 1 419 73,27 26,25 0,24
g. government officials 85 331 3 419 20,29 79,00 0,72
h. NGO 106 305 8 419 25,30 72,79 1,91
i. Local Disaster Management Team 80 328 10 419 19,09 78,28 2,39
3. Family Contingency Plan
a. From question No. 14, we found that family are lack of initiaves in preparing themselves towards earthquake and tsunami.
- They are not trying to get information about disasters (45.67% - No and Not Sure)
- They do not make evacuation plan (44.23 %, total of No and Not sure)
- They do not practice evacuation drill (83.41%, total of No and Not sure)
- They do not prepare their houses to be more quake resistance (76.20%, total of No and Not sure)
- They are not interested to move to higher ground (67.79 %, total of No and Not sure)
14 What do your family prepare for earthquake and tsunami?
Yes
No
Not Sure Total Respondent Yes
% No
% Not Sure %
a. Increase knowledge about earthquake and tsunami 226 128 62 416 54,33 30,77 14,90
b. Make a family evacuation plan 232 142 42 416 55,77 34,13 10,10
c. Do family evacuation drill 69 256 91 416 16,59 61,54 21,88
d. Build an earthquake resistant house 99 254 63 416 23,80 61,06 15,14
e. Move the house to high ground 134 263 19 416 32,21 63,22 4,57
b. From question No. 16, we found specifically that family are not prepared when the disasters come.
- Not preparing evacuation map and route (totally 84.49% - no and not sure)
- Not preparing emergency food (80.91% - no & not sure)
- Not preparing important emergency contacts (93.08%)
- Not preparing clothes and cash (78.76%)
- Not trained in evacuation (83.29%)
- Not preparing communication equipments (79.95%)
16 Do your family have these plans? Yes
No
Not Sure Total Respondent Yes
% No
% Not Sure %
a. Prepare map, evacuation route and detail action plans when quake/tsunami strike? 65 298 56 419 15,51 71,12 13,37
b. To set up a family evacuation site? 255 149 15 419 60,86 35,56 3,58
c. To prepare a ready-eat food 80 326 13 419 19,09 77,80 3,10
d. To prepare important and valuable documents 317 95 7 419 75,66 22,67 1,67
e. To prepare important contact numbers in case of emergency (hospital, police, fire department) 29 337 53 419 6,92 80,43 12,65
f. To prepare clothes & cash 89 299 31 419 21,24 71,36 7,40
g. To join an evacuation drill 70 303 46 419 16,71 72,32 10,98
h. To prepare communication equipments (HT/radio/HP) 84 300 35 419 20,05 71,60 8,35
c. From question No. 18, we found that family do not prepare first aid kits and medicines in case of emergency (94.51%)
18 Yes
No
Not Sure Total Respondent Yes
% No
% Not Sure %
Do your family prepare the first aid box? 23 396 0 419 5,49 94,51 -
4. Village Contingency Plan
Villages have lack of capacity and preparation in case of emergency.
- 67.06% of villages have no evacuation sites
- 96.18% of villages have no adequate food and water stock
- 95.70% of villages have no evacuation map or evacuation route
- 97.86% of villages have no Hazard and Risk Map
- 42.48% of villages have no information board
- 69.21% of villages have no Satlinmas (village disaster management) team
17 Do your village have …..? Yes
No
Not Sure Total Respondent Yes
% No
% Not Sure %
a. evacuation sites 138 245 36 419 32,94 58,47 8,59
b. Food and water stock in case of disaster strike 16 366 37 419 3,82 87,35 8,83
c. Evacuation map and evacuation route 18 349 52 419 4,30 83,29 12,41
d. Risk map 9 362 48 419 2,15 86,40 11,46
e. Information board 241 153 25 419 57,52 36,52 5,97
f. Local disaster management team 129 271 19 419 30,79 64,68 4,53
5. Early Warning System
From question No. 19, we found that early warning system is not properly worked.
- 89.74 % of families do not know how the early warning system works.
19 Yes
No
Not Sure Total Respondent Yes
% No
% Not Sure %
Do you know about tsunami early warning system? 43 288 88 419 10,26 68,74 21,00
6. Capacity Building Need
a. Most of villagers, amounted 72.49% (total of No & Not sure), did not get trainings towards emergency situation
22 Does anybody have joined a training/seminar/meeting about disaster management? 115 295 8 418 27,51 70,57 1,91
b. Among trained people, they only got basic training on disaster preparedness, but they get limited trainings on other topics, such as: first aid, evacuation, scouting, water & sanitation, and agriculture.
23 If yes, what kind of trainings you get? Yes
No
Not Sure Total Respondent Yes
% No
% Not Sure %
a. First aid training 19 101 0 120 15,83 84,17 -
b. Victim evacuation 7 113 0 120 5,83 94,17 -
c. Scouting 8 112 0 120 6,67 93,33 -
d. Water & sanitation treatment 2 118 0 120 1,67 98,33 -
e. Disaster management 101 18 0 119 84,87 15,13 -
f. Against silent tsunami (Food security) 9 112 0 120 7,50 93,33 -
7. History of Village Disaster
Instead of Earthquake and Tsunami, villages in Nias had suffered many disasters before. Epidemic becomes the highest rank (56.56%), followed by landslides (28.40%) and flood (24.34%).
26 Have your village ever suffered these disasters? Yes
No
Not Sure Total Respondent Yes
% No
% Not Sure %
a. Flash Floods 18 291 17 419 4,30 69,45 4,06
b. Seasonal floods 102 220 3 419 24,34 52,51 0,72
c. Landslides 119 241 7 419 28,40 57,52 1,67
d. Forest fires 40 280 3 418 9,57 66,99 0,72
e. Disease Epidemic 237 82 3 419 56,56 19,57 0,72
f. Social conflicts 86 231 1 419 20,53 55,13 0,24
g. Hunger (Food stock insecurity) 71 249 2 419 16,95 59,43 0,48
----- JV -----
E-Prep Nias team conducted Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) Survey in 33 villages located in Sirombu, Afulu and Teluk Dalam Sub-District in Nias and South Nias in early 2008. Some findings found:
1. Lack of basic knowledge:
a. Lack of basic knowledge about earthquake.
* Question no. 3.: What makes the quake happened?
- Half of people (46.3%) are not know or not sure that earthquake is caused by fault movement.
- Amounted 87,83% (means 9 of 10 people) believe that storm and strong winds can cause earthquake. In the coast of Mentawai and Nias, storm and strong winds is a daily occurence.
* Question no. 4: Can we predict the earthquake?
- Worth 29.36% people stated that the upcoming quake can be predicted. While 16.71% are not sure. Totally 46.06% (half of respondents) gave wrong answer.
3 What is the cause of earthquake? Yes
No
Not Sure Total Respondent Yes
% No
% Not Sure %
a. Fault movement 224 27 167 419 53,46 6,44 39,86
b. Mount eruption 377 12 30 419 89,98 2,86 7,16
c. Landslides 180 184 55 419 42,96 43,91 13,13
d. Typhoon 51 296 72 419 12,17 70,64 17,18
e. Oil drilling 63 204 152 419 15,04 48,69 36,28
4 Can we predict an earthquake? 123 225 70 419 29,36 53,70 16,71
b. Lack of basic knowledge on building codes.
- The data shows below that 9 of 10 people (91.65%) do not know (No or Not Sure) the characteristics of an earthquake resistance house.
- About 3 of 5 people (No and Not Sure) that put house foundation deeper will make the house get stronger.
- Worth 55.61% respondents are still confusing in how to choose building materials.
6 What are the criteria of an earthquake resistant house? Yes
No
Not Sure Total Respondent Yes
% No
% Not Sure %
a. Good shape 35 115 269 419 8,35 27,45 64,20
b. Good building foundation 176 150 94 419 42,00 35,80 22,43
c. Good building material
186 123 110 419 44,39 29,36 26,25
d. Light material 317 63 39 419 75,66 15,04 9,31
c. Lack of basic knowledge on how to do during/after earthquake.
- At question no. 7 d and e, both gave results amounted 28.16% people (No and Not sure) are still not aware that hanging things and glass windows are hazard.
- At question no. 7 f, we found that 23.39% (No and Not Sure) are still not know how to do after the quake ended.
7 What will you do in case of earthquake? Yes
No
Not Sure Total Respondent Yes
% No
% Not Sure %
a. Go to safe place (under a table) 298 91 30 419 71,12 21,72 7,16
b. Protect our head 326 67 26 419 77,80 15,99 6,21
c. Go to open field 417 2 0 419 99,52 0,48 -
d. Stay away from hanging things 301 68 50 419 71,84 16,23 11,93
e. Stay away from glass window/wall 301 72 46 419 71,84 17,18 10,98
f. Leave after the shake finished 321 82 16 419 76,61 19,57 3,82
g. Go out from high building when quake happened 244 143 32 419 58,23 34,13 7,64
d. Lack of basic knowledge about tsunami.
- People are still confused about what makes tsunami occured. At question 9 d, totally 43.44% (Yes and Not Sure) of respondents said that typhoon and storm will cause tsunami.
9 Can these events cause a tsunami? Yes
No
Not Sure Total Respondent Yes
% No
% Not Sure %
a. Quake under the sea 301 24 94 419 71,84 5,73 22,43
b. Mount eruption under the sea 315 21 83 419 75,18 5,01 19,81
c. Landslides under the sea 195 97 127 419 46,54 23,15 30,31
d. Typhoon 81 236 101 419 19,33 56,32 24,11
2. Lack of information and communication
- People are still depend on their relatives and family to get information about earthquake and tsunami (73.27%). While in some places they can get access of information from television (65.39%). However, in sudden situation television is useless since the electricity power will be dropped.
- Limited information about disasters from posters, leaflet, handbook, and billboard (85,68% for No and Not Sure), also from seminar, socialization and meeting (66.11%) bring opportunity for the E-Prep program to fill the gap
13 From where do you get information about earthquake and tsunami? Yes
No
Not Sure Total Respondent Yes
% No
% Not Sure %
a. Radio 225 190 4 419 53,70 45,35 0,95
b. Television 274 142 2 419 65,39 33,89 0,48
c. Newspaper, magazines, bulletin 102 298 18 419 24,34 71,12 4,30
d. Handbook, poster, leaflet, billboard, early warning signs 59 337 22 419 14,08 80,43 5,25
e. Socialization, seminar, meeting 141 263 14 419 33,65 62,77 3,34
f. Relatives, friends, neighbours 307 110 1 419 73,27 26,25 0,24
g. government officials 85 331 3 419 20,29 79,00 0,72
h. NGO 106 305 8 419 25,30 72,79 1,91
i. Local Disaster Management Team 80 328 10 419 19,09 78,28 2,39
3. Family Contingency Plan
a. From question No. 14, we found that family are lack of initiaves in preparing themselves towards earthquake and tsunami.
- They are not trying to get information about disasters (45.67% - No and Not Sure)
- They do not make evacuation plan (44.23 %, total of No and Not sure)
- They do not practice evacuation drill (83.41%, total of No and Not sure)
- They do not prepare their houses to be more quake resistance (76.20%, total of No and Not sure)
- They are not interested to move to higher ground (67.79 %, total of No and Not sure)
14 What do your family prepare for earthquake and tsunami?
Yes
No
Not Sure Total Respondent Yes
% No
% Not Sure %
a. Increase knowledge about earthquake and tsunami 226 128 62 416 54,33 30,77 14,90
b. Make a family evacuation plan 232 142 42 416 55,77 34,13 10,10
c. Do family evacuation drill 69 256 91 416 16,59 61,54 21,88
d. Build an earthquake resistant house 99 254 63 416 23,80 61,06 15,14
e. Move the house to high ground 134 263 19 416 32,21 63,22 4,57
b. From question No. 16, we found specifically that family are not prepared when the disasters come.
- Not preparing evacuation map and route (totally 84.49% - no and not sure)
- Not preparing emergency food (80.91% - no & not sure)
- Not preparing important emergency contacts (93.08%)
- Not preparing clothes and cash (78.76%)
- Not trained in evacuation (83.29%)
- Not preparing communication equipments (79.95%)
16 Do your family have these plans? Yes
No
Not Sure Total Respondent Yes
% No
% Not Sure %
a. Prepare map, evacuation route and detail action plans when quake/tsunami strike? 65 298 56 419 15,51 71,12 13,37
b. To set up a family evacuation site? 255 149 15 419 60,86 35,56 3,58
c. To prepare a ready-eat food 80 326 13 419 19,09 77,80 3,10
d. To prepare important and valuable documents 317 95 7 419 75,66 22,67 1,67
e. To prepare important contact numbers in case of emergency (hospital, police, fire department) 29 337 53 419 6,92 80,43 12,65
f. To prepare clothes & cash 89 299 31 419 21,24 71,36 7,40
g. To join an evacuation drill 70 303 46 419 16,71 72,32 10,98
h. To prepare communication equipments (HT/radio/HP) 84 300 35 419 20,05 71,60 8,35
c. From question No. 18, we found that family do not prepare first aid kits and medicines in case of emergency (94.51%)
18 Yes
No
Not Sure Total Respondent Yes
% No
% Not Sure %
Do your family prepare the first aid box? 23 396 0 419 5,49 94,51 -
4. Village Contingency Plan
Villages have lack of capacity and preparation in case of emergency.
- 67.06% of villages have no evacuation sites
- 96.18% of villages have no adequate food and water stock
- 95.70% of villages have no evacuation map or evacuation route
- 97.86% of villages have no Hazard and Risk Map
- 42.48% of villages have no information board
- 69.21% of villages have no Satlinmas (village disaster management) team
17 Do your village have …..? Yes
No
Not Sure Total Respondent Yes
% No
% Not Sure %
a. evacuation sites 138 245 36 419 32,94 58,47 8,59
b. Food and water stock in case of disaster strike 16 366 37 419 3,82 87,35 8,83
c. Evacuation map and evacuation route 18 349 52 419 4,30 83,29 12,41
d. Risk map 9 362 48 419 2,15 86,40 11,46
e. Information board 241 153 25 419 57,52 36,52 5,97
f. Local disaster management team 129 271 19 419 30,79 64,68 4,53
5. Early Warning System
From question No. 19, we found that early warning system is not properly worked.
- 89.74 % of families do not know how the early warning system works.
19 Yes
No
Not Sure Total Respondent Yes
% No
% Not Sure %
Do you know about tsunami early warning system? 43 288 88 419 10,26 68,74 21,00
6. Capacity Building Need
a. Most of villagers, amounted 72.49% (total of No & Not sure), did not get trainings towards emergency situation
22 Does anybody have joined a training/seminar/meeting about disaster management? 115 295 8 418 27,51 70,57 1,91
b. Among trained people, they only got basic training on disaster preparedness, but they get limited trainings on other topics, such as: first aid, evacuation, scouting, water & sanitation, and agriculture.
23 If yes, what kind of trainings you get? Yes
No
Not Sure Total Respondent Yes
% No
% Not Sure %
a. First aid training 19 101 0 120 15,83 84,17 -
b. Victim evacuation 7 113 0 120 5,83 94,17 -
c. Scouting 8 112 0 120 6,67 93,33 -
d. Water & sanitation treatment 2 118 0 120 1,67 98,33 -
e. Disaster management 101 18 0 119 84,87 15,13 -
f. Against silent tsunami (Food security) 9 112 0 120 7,50 93,33 -
7. History of Village Disaster
Instead of Earthquake and Tsunami, villages in Nias had suffered many disasters before. Epidemic becomes the highest rank (56.56%), followed by landslides (28.40%) and flood (24.34%).
26 Have your village ever suffered these disasters? Yes
No
Not Sure Total Respondent Yes
% No
% Not Sure %
a. Flash Floods 18 291 17 419 4,30 69,45 4,06
b. Seasonal floods 102 220 3 419 24,34 52,51 0,72
c. Landslides 119 241 7 419 28,40 57,52 1,67
d. Forest fires 40 280 3 418 9,57 66,99 0,72
e. Disease Epidemic 237 82 3 419 56,56 19,57 0,72
f. Social conflicts 86 231 1 419 20,53 55,13 0,24
g. Hunger (Food stock insecurity) 71 249 2 419 16,95 59,43 0,48
----- JV -----
The Earthquake and Tsunami Museum established in Nias
BY: JOSEPH VIANDRITO
The Earthquake and Tsunami Museum has been established in Sirombu Nias and was officially launched by Ausaid and local government on May 6, 2008. As the first Earthquake and Tsunami Museum in Indonesia, the museum has attracted many people to visit it till now. In Thailand, the tsunami museum is well known among tourists.
Sirombu is chosen, since the area is hardly hit by earthquake and tsunami in last 2004 and 2005. Visitors can see some ruin buildings in the area and get lessons. The area is declared as “the Tsunami and Earthquake Sanctuary”, a memorial statue has been set up to make everybody can show their respect to the victims by putting some flowers or just pray.
The goal of establishing the museum is to set a place to learn everything we want to know about earthquakes and tsunami and how we should prepare. Some information are provided like: why the ground shakes, how scientists study quakes, great quakes of the past, some survival stories, map of the past earthquakes around Nias and also the world, and what we can do to prepare for disaster.
The wall of museum is covered by banners of all targeted village. The banners show some mottos in local language to demonstrate how the village prepare for disaster.
Besides disaster information, the museum is also designed to make people a bit scary, by providing some frightening pictures, like victims, destruction and also list of victim names.
A computer -provides some short films about disaster- is prepared if visitor want to watch it. The museum also displays film in big screen if needed.
Apart of “what we can do to prepare” section, the museum also provides some additional information about health resilience. That’s why the museum also called as “Health Resilience Information Centre”. Secondly, the museum also want to make people aware of the “Silent Tsunami”, the new term that is introduced by United Nations, to define the danger of hunger problem, due to food shortage recently.
Accordingly, the museum is also called as “Vitamin Garden Centre”, to provide visitors with some information on how to deal with the “Silent Tsunami”. A garden, consist of many useful plants, has been set up.
Hundreds of visitor has been explored the museum, as well as many school teachers had been brought their students to visit the museum.
The Earthquake and Tsunami Museum has been established in Sirombu Nias and was officially launched by Ausaid and local government on May 6, 2008. As the first Earthquake and Tsunami Museum in Indonesia, the museum has attracted many people to visit it till now. In Thailand, the tsunami museum is well known among tourists.
Sirombu is chosen, since the area is hardly hit by earthquake and tsunami in last 2004 and 2005. Visitors can see some ruin buildings in the area and get lessons. The area is declared as “the Tsunami and Earthquake Sanctuary”, a memorial statue has been set up to make everybody can show their respect to the victims by putting some flowers or just pray.
The goal of establishing the museum is to set a place to learn everything we want to know about earthquakes and tsunami and how we should prepare. Some information are provided like: why the ground shakes, how scientists study quakes, great quakes of the past, some survival stories, map of the past earthquakes around Nias and also the world, and what we can do to prepare for disaster.
The wall of museum is covered by banners of all targeted village. The banners show some mottos in local language to demonstrate how the village prepare for disaster.
Besides disaster information, the museum is also designed to make people a bit scary, by providing some frightening pictures, like victims, destruction and also list of victim names.
A computer -provides some short films about disaster- is prepared if visitor want to watch it. The museum also displays film in big screen if needed.
Apart of “what we can do to prepare” section, the museum also provides some additional information about health resilience. That’s why the museum also called as “Health Resilience Information Centre”. Secondly, the museum also want to make people aware of the “Silent Tsunami”, the new term that is introduced by United Nations, to define the danger of hunger problem, due to food shortage recently.
Accordingly, the museum is also called as “Vitamin Garden Centre”, to provide visitors with some information on how to deal with the “Silent Tsunami”. A garden, consist of many useful plants, has been set up.
Hundreds of visitor has been explored the museum, as well as many school teachers had been brought their students to visit the museum.
Skala Richter
Seringkali kita mendengar, membaca, dan mendengar berita setelah gempa menggunakan kata Skala Richter. Misalnya : Gempa Bumi berskala 7,2 Skala Richter, 165 KM Barat Daya Muko-Moko Bengkulu…Apa sih sebenarnya Skala Richter itu ???
Oleh : Stephen Ray L. Mathias.
Skala Richter pertama kali dikembangkan oleh ahli seismografi asal Institut Teknologi California bernama Charles Richter yang dibantu koleganya Beno Guttenberg di tahun 1935. Skala Richter ini didasarkan pada pengukuran-pengukuran yang dilakukan oleh alat yang bernama seismograf yang paling idealnya (menurut salah seorang ahli geologi Jepang yang saya lihat di sebuah acara di stasiun TV NHK World lewat jaringan TV kabel) diletakkan sekitar 100 km atau 62 mil dari pusat gempa (epicentre). Skala Richter ini merupakan skala logaritmik, bukan skala aritmatik.
Jadi misalnya ada dua buah gempa, yang satu berkekuatan 2 skala Richter, yang satu lagi berkekuatan 4 skala Richter, bagi mereka yang belum tahu mungkin akan mengira bahwa gempa yang berkekuatan 4 skala Richter ini berkekuatan 2 kali dari gempa yang berkekuatan 2 pada skala Richter. Perkiraan itu salah, pada kenyataannya gempa yang berkekuatan 4 pada skala Richter tersebut berkekuatan 100 kali dari gempa yang berkekuatan 2 pada skala Richter. Lha, dari mana angka 100 itu? Mudah saja, untuk mengerti skala logaritma tidak memerlukan keahlian matematika khusus, cukup hanya bekal ilmu matematika setingkat SMP saja. Sayapun bukan ahli matematika dan dapat mengerti dengan cukup baik skala Richter ini, anda tentu juga akan mudah untuk mengerti skala Richter ini.
Misalkan: gempa X berkekuatan 4 skala Richter, dan gempa Y berkekuatan 2 pada skala Richter, maka:
log X = 4, maka X = = 10.000.
log Y = 2, maka Y = = 100
maka kekuatan gempa X adalah atau = 100 kali kekuatan gempa Y.
Nah, sekarang coba kita bandingkan kekuatan gempa di perairan Sumatra 2004 yang mengakibatkan tsunami besar di berbagai negara Asia yang berkekuatan 9,2 skala Richter (menurut yang tercatat di salah satu stasiun gempa di AS) dengan gempa bumi San Francisco di Amerika Serikat tahun 1989 yang berkekuatan 7,1 pada skala Richter. Misalkan gempa di Sumatra kita singkat jadi Sm, dan gempa di San Francisco kita singkat jadi Sf.
Log Sm = 9,2, maka Sm = =
Log Sf = 7,1 maka Sf = =
Jadi kekuatan gempa Sm adalah = 125,4 kali kekuatan gempa Sf.
Mudah bukan?
Oleh : Stephen Ray L. Mathias.
Skala Richter pertama kali dikembangkan oleh ahli seismografi asal Institut Teknologi California bernama Charles Richter yang dibantu koleganya Beno Guttenberg di tahun 1935. Skala Richter ini didasarkan pada pengukuran-pengukuran yang dilakukan oleh alat yang bernama seismograf yang paling idealnya (menurut salah seorang ahli geologi Jepang yang saya lihat di sebuah acara di stasiun TV NHK World lewat jaringan TV kabel) diletakkan sekitar 100 km atau 62 mil dari pusat gempa (epicentre). Skala Richter ini merupakan skala logaritmik, bukan skala aritmatik.
Jadi misalnya ada dua buah gempa, yang satu berkekuatan 2 skala Richter, yang satu lagi berkekuatan 4 skala Richter, bagi mereka yang belum tahu mungkin akan mengira bahwa gempa yang berkekuatan 4 skala Richter ini berkekuatan 2 kali dari gempa yang berkekuatan 2 pada skala Richter. Perkiraan itu salah, pada kenyataannya gempa yang berkekuatan 4 pada skala Richter tersebut berkekuatan 100 kali dari gempa yang berkekuatan 2 pada skala Richter. Lha, dari mana angka 100 itu? Mudah saja, untuk mengerti skala logaritma tidak memerlukan keahlian matematika khusus, cukup hanya bekal ilmu matematika setingkat SMP saja. Sayapun bukan ahli matematika dan dapat mengerti dengan cukup baik skala Richter ini, anda tentu juga akan mudah untuk mengerti skala Richter ini.
Misalkan: gempa X berkekuatan 4 skala Richter, dan gempa Y berkekuatan 2 pada skala Richter, maka:
log X = 4, maka X = = 10.000.
log Y = 2, maka Y = = 100
maka kekuatan gempa X adalah atau = 100 kali kekuatan gempa Y.
Nah, sekarang coba kita bandingkan kekuatan gempa di perairan Sumatra 2004 yang mengakibatkan tsunami besar di berbagai negara Asia yang berkekuatan 9,2 skala Richter (menurut yang tercatat di salah satu stasiun gempa di AS) dengan gempa bumi San Francisco di Amerika Serikat tahun 1989 yang berkekuatan 7,1 pada skala Richter. Misalkan gempa di Sumatra kita singkat jadi Sm, dan gempa di San Francisco kita singkat jadi Sf.
Log Sm = 9,2, maka Sm = =
Log Sf = 7,1 maka Sf = =
Jadi kekuatan gempa Sm adalah = 125,4 kali kekuatan gempa Sf.
Mudah bukan?
Jumat, 18 Juli 2008
Tim Penanggulangan Bencana Mentawai
By: Stephen Ray Leon Mathias
“SATLINMAS – TIM PENANGGULANGAN BENCANA MENTAWAI,
menembus keterbatasan demi harkat dan martabat hidup masyarakatnya“
Sebagai Institusi Resmi Penanggulangan Bencana Berbasis Masyarakat
Pertama di Indonesia setelah keluarnya
Undang-Undang Penanggulangan Bencana No.24 Thn.2007.
Masih belum lepas dalam ingatan kita semua, bahwa pada September 2007 sedikitnya 2 gempa besar meluluhlantakan sebagian besar bangunan yang berlokasi di Bumi Sikerei. Belum selesai kisah September, kemudian terjadi lagi gempa besar di bulan Februari 2008. Kali ini giliran Pantai Timur Pagai Utara dan Sipora Selatan Timur jadi sasarannya.
Namun bukannya kisah baru, bahwa Penanggulangan Bencana, termasuk Penanganan Pengungsi maupun Korban Bencana di Indonesia maupun di Dunia tidaklah seperti yang kita sebagai masyarakat harapkan. Bukan karena Pemerintah tak serius menangani permasalahan yang ada, namun tantangan lokasi masyarakat korban gempa seringkali menjadi kendala utama bagi pihak manapun yang hendak membantu.
Beberapa daerah di Aceh sampai mengalami kondisi kelaparan serta kehausan pada pasca Tsunami 2004 lalu. Sampai-sampai semua jenis kendaraan darat, laut dan dikerahkan. Sampai kinipun baik Aceh maupun Yogyakarta masih menyisakan daftar nama korban bencana yang belum menerima bantuan yang layak.
Pada tahun 2005, Jakarta mengalami Banjir besar, ibukota yang tersohor di seluruh dunia dengan Pendapatan Asli Daerah miliaran setiap bulannya ternyata pun tak mampu menjawab tantangan. Akhirnya ada beberapa daerah yang harus tinggal diatap-atap rumahnya selama 2 minggu.
Terbukti uang, kendaraan modern, kekuasaan, dan banyaknya pihak pembantu dari luar, ternyata tak mampu menjawab tantangan.
Lalu siapa yang bisa ???
Satlinmas Tim Penanggulangan Bencana / Tim Siaga Bencana Dusun merupakan pihak yang diyakini oleh semua orang akan menembus segala batas da rintangan yang ada. Mengapa ? Karena mereka berasal dan dipilih oleh Masyarakatnya untuk cepat menganalisa situasi, cepat berencana, dan yang penting Cepat Tepat dalam bertindak.
Pada bulan April sampai dengan Mei 2008, telah terbentuk SATLINMAS Tim Penanggulangan Bencana Masyarakat di 23 Dusun. Mereka ini adalah Institusi Penaggulangan Bencana Berbasis Masyarakat ber SK Desa pertama di Indonesia, sejak keluarnya Undang-Undang Penanggulangan Bencana No.24 Tahun 2007.
Kalau ingin mengenal mereka dari dekat, datanglah dan saksikan kiprah mereka di Desa Tuapejat yakni Dusun Pukarayat, Dusun Berkat(Berimanua Baru). Di Desa Bosua (Sipora Selatan) yakni Dusun Katiet, Dusun Mongan Bosua, Dusun Sao, Dusun Gobik, Dusun Bosua. Di Desa Silabu (Pagai Utara) yakni Dusun Silabu Barat, Dusun Silabu Utara, Dusun Silabu Selatan, dan Maguiruk. Untuk wilayah Siberut, mereka tersebar di wilayah Kecamatan baru yakni Siberut Barat Daya, tepatnya di Desa Taileleu, yakni Dusun Kirip, Dusun Maonai, Dusun Baddan, Dusun Tolomo, Dusun Boboakenen dan Dusun Peipei. Di Desa Katurei, terbentang mulai dari Dusun Toloulaggo, Dusun Malilimo, Dusun Sarausau dan Dusun Tiop.
Mereka ada
sebelum, saat, dan sesudah bencana ,
sebelum yang lainnya tiba
Perwakilan masyarakat andalan dalam hal Penanggulangan Bencana di daerahnya itu, membagi dirinya dalam Regu-Regu sesuai fungsi dan tindakan mereka Sebelum, Pada Saat, dan Setelah Bencana. Regu-Regu dalam Tim Penanggulangan Bencana di Mentawai meliputi :
1. Regu Peringatan Dini, mereka ini berfungsi sebagai pembantu Pak Kepala Dusun dalam memutuskan perlunya mengungsi ke tempat tinggi ataupun tidak. Untuk itu mereka telah memiliki kesepakatan bunyi tanda bahaya yang disosialisasikan pada warganya.
2. Regu Pengungsian / Evakuasi, mereka inilah yang akan memastikan bahwa kelompok rentan (para orangtua, wanita hamil, wanita menyusui, orang sakit dan orang cacat) akan mengungsi sebagaimana mestinya. Sebelum bencana regu ini idealnya sudah mempersiapkan daerah yang layak menjadi tujuan pengungsian.
3. Regu Pemetaan, berfungsi mengajak warga untuk mengenal lokasi-lokasi yang aman dan layak untuk dijadikan jalur evakuasi dan tempat menyelamakan diri. Mereka juga akan mampu menunjukan deerah dibawah ancaman bencana.
4. Regu Perintis, berfungsi sebagai “pembuka jalan-jalan” yang memudahkan masyarakatnya mencapai daerah-daeah yang diharapkan seperti sumber air saat di pengungsian, tempat buang hajat agar sanitasi tetap terjaga, dan juga tempat memperoleh makanan cadangan. Oleh karena itu orang yang masuk regu ini haruslah orang yang paham betul seluk beluk wilayahnya.
5. Regu Administrasi, Regu ini akan menyiapkan data-data serta kebutuhan administrasi yang dibutuhkan. Hal Administrasi merupakan hal yang paling menentukan kecepatan serta ketepatan penanganan masalah. Contoh: tak mungkin dicapai kesepakatan kebutuhan jumlah bahan makanan yang dibutuhkan apabila warga tak tahu berapa jumlah keluarga, dan anggotanya. Selain itu penyaluran bantuan akan menjadi lebih tertib dan cepat bila sudah tersedia hal-hal administratifnya.
6. Regu Logistik dan Perlengkapan, regu ini akan cepat bertindak meyediakan peralatan dan bahan yang dibutuhkan saat bencana maupun setelah bencana. Contohnya : penyediaan tenda, alat masak, dan beberapa alat pertukangan yang diperlukan dalam membangun tempat hunian sementara di pengungsian.
7. Regu Pencarian dan Penyelamatan, sering juga disebut Regu SAR. Merekalah yang akan mencari serta menyelamatkan yang hilang.
8. Regu Dapur Umum, menyediakan makanan sehat yang dibutuhkan paling tidak disaat-saat awal setelah bencana. Regu ini mungkin tak akan banyak berfungsi lagi saat para keluarga telah dapat mengupayakan makanannya sendiri.
9. Regu Kesehatan dan Pertolongan Pertama saat Kondisi Darurat, Regu ini bertugas mengobati yang luka akibat bencana. Dengan harapan peluang hidup korban menjadi lebih besar, untuk korban luka parah, tetap harus dirujuk ke Puskesmas ataupun Rumah Sakit terdekat.
10. Regu Keamanan, menjamin tertibnya kegiatan pengungsian dan penyaluran bantuan. Juga memastikan para kelompok rentan menjadi prioritas dalam mendapatkan bantuan.
11. Regu Penanganan Kebakaran, Regu ini akan waspada terhadap bahaya kebakaran yang mungkin timbul akibat kepanikan saat bencana. Regu ini juga akan mengadakan penyuluhan2 kewaspadaan terhadap bahaya kebakaran hutan.
12. Regu Informasi, Dokumentasi dan Hubungan Luar, Regu ini akan menjalin hubungan dengan pihak-pihak diluar komunitas masyarakat, dalam melaporkan serta mengupayakan hal-hal lain yang belum ada. Regu ini juga menjamin informasi dari pihak luar akan didapatkan oleh warga masyarakatnya. Oleh karenanya regu ini akan akrab dengan alat komunikasi serta media informasi.
Bapak Camat Sipora Selatan, Bpk. Akas Sikatsila mengungkapkan syukur atas inisiatif warganya dalam membentuk Tim Siaga Bencana di wilayahnya, dan berharap bisa di contoh oleh Desa an Dusun lain. Di kesempatan lain Bapak Camat Sipora Utara, Bpk. Syamsuddin berharap Tim ini bukan hanya dibentuk tapi mampu beraksi sebagaimana diharapkan. Pak Camat Siberut Selatan saat melantik timnya di Desa Taileleu punya harapan agar Tim Siaga Bencana mampu menjadi ”kunci sukses” selamatnya seluruh warga Siberut Barat Daya dari ancaman bencana yang diperkirakan oleh para Ahli geologi.
Dengan terbentuknya Tim-Tim Siaga Bencana atau Tim Penanggulangan Bencana lainnya di Dusun-Dusun Mentawai yang jumlahnya mencapai 202 Dusun tersebar di 43 Desa, niscaya kemandirian masyarakat bukan lagi menjadi wacana lagi. Saatnya kita katakan ”KITA BISA BERBUAT DISAAT YANG LAIN BELUM DATANG......”
Tanpa Pandang Bulu….,
…..REGU KESEHATAN DAN P3K, MEMPERPANJANG PELUANG HIDUP BAGI YANG TERLUKA
…REGU DAPUR UMUM MENYEDIAKAN MAKANAN SEHAT TRADISIONAL,DIAWAL MASA DARURAT
…REGU EVAKUASI DAN PENGUNGSIAN MEMPRIORITASKAN YANG LEMAH
….REGU INFORMASI MENGUPAYAKAN BANTUAN DAN MELAPORKAN SITUASI KE LUAR KOMUNITAS
….REGU LOGISTIK CEKATAN MENYEDIAKAN KEBUTUHAN HIDUP
…REGU ADMINISTRASI MENJAMIN AKUNTABILITAS PENYALURAN BANTUAN
…REGU KEAMANAN MENERTIBKAN DAN MENGAMANKAN SEGALA KEGIATAN
....dan
TUHAN YANG MEMBERI KEKUATAN SERTA PERLINDUNGAN
Taggei tubu itata ake’Pulotokat
(Motto Tim Penanggulangan Bencana Malilimo, Siberut Barat Daya, Mentawai)
Kesiapsiagaan Kita Menghilangkan Rasa Takut
There are no fear, when we prepared.
“SATLINMAS – TIM PENANGGULANGAN BENCANA MENTAWAI,
menembus keterbatasan demi harkat dan martabat hidup masyarakatnya“
Sebagai Institusi Resmi Penanggulangan Bencana Berbasis Masyarakat
Pertama di Indonesia setelah keluarnya
Undang-Undang Penanggulangan Bencana No.24 Thn.2007.
Masih belum lepas dalam ingatan kita semua, bahwa pada September 2007 sedikitnya 2 gempa besar meluluhlantakan sebagian besar bangunan yang berlokasi di Bumi Sikerei. Belum selesai kisah September, kemudian terjadi lagi gempa besar di bulan Februari 2008. Kali ini giliran Pantai Timur Pagai Utara dan Sipora Selatan Timur jadi sasarannya.
Namun bukannya kisah baru, bahwa Penanggulangan Bencana, termasuk Penanganan Pengungsi maupun Korban Bencana di Indonesia maupun di Dunia tidaklah seperti yang kita sebagai masyarakat harapkan. Bukan karena Pemerintah tak serius menangani permasalahan yang ada, namun tantangan lokasi masyarakat korban gempa seringkali menjadi kendala utama bagi pihak manapun yang hendak membantu.
Beberapa daerah di Aceh sampai mengalami kondisi kelaparan serta kehausan pada pasca Tsunami 2004 lalu. Sampai-sampai semua jenis kendaraan darat, laut dan dikerahkan. Sampai kinipun baik Aceh maupun Yogyakarta masih menyisakan daftar nama korban bencana yang belum menerima bantuan yang layak.
Pada tahun 2005, Jakarta mengalami Banjir besar, ibukota yang tersohor di seluruh dunia dengan Pendapatan Asli Daerah miliaran setiap bulannya ternyata pun tak mampu menjawab tantangan. Akhirnya ada beberapa daerah yang harus tinggal diatap-atap rumahnya selama 2 minggu.
Terbukti uang, kendaraan modern, kekuasaan, dan banyaknya pihak pembantu dari luar, ternyata tak mampu menjawab tantangan.
Lalu siapa yang bisa ???
Satlinmas Tim Penanggulangan Bencana / Tim Siaga Bencana Dusun merupakan pihak yang diyakini oleh semua orang akan menembus segala batas da rintangan yang ada. Mengapa ? Karena mereka berasal dan dipilih oleh Masyarakatnya untuk cepat menganalisa situasi, cepat berencana, dan yang penting Cepat Tepat dalam bertindak.
Pada bulan April sampai dengan Mei 2008, telah terbentuk SATLINMAS Tim Penanggulangan Bencana Masyarakat di 23 Dusun. Mereka ini adalah Institusi Penaggulangan Bencana Berbasis Masyarakat ber SK Desa pertama di Indonesia, sejak keluarnya Undang-Undang Penanggulangan Bencana No.24 Tahun 2007.
Kalau ingin mengenal mereka dari dekat, datanglah dan saksikan kiprah mereka di Desa Tuapejat yakni Dusun Pukarayat, Dusun Berkat(Berimanua Baru). Di Desa Bosua (Sipora Selatan) yakni Dusun Katiet, Dusun Mongan Bosua, Dusun Sao, Dusun Gobik, Dusun Bosua. Di Desa Silabu (Pagai Utara) yakni Dusun Silabu Barat, Dusun Silabu Utara, Dusun Silabu Selatan, dan Maguiruk. Untuk wilayah Siberut, mereka tersebar di wilayah Kecamatan baru yakni Siberut Barat Daya, tepatnya di Desa Taileleu, yakni Dusun Kirip, Dusun Maonai, Dusun Baddan, Dusun Tolomo, Dusun Boboakenen dan Dusun Peipei. Di Desa Katurei, terbentang mulai dari Dusun Toloulaggo, Dusun Malilimo, Dusun Sarausau dan Dusun Tiop.
Mereka ada
sebelum, saat, dan sesudah bencana ,
sebelum yang lainnya tiba
Perwakilan masyarakat andalan dalam hal Penanggulangan Bencana di daerahnya itu, membagi dirinya dalam Regu-Regu sesuai fungsi dan tindakan mereka Sebelum, Pada Saat, dan Setelah Bencana. Regu-Regu dalam Tim Penanggulangan Bencana di Mentawai meliputi :
1. Regu Peringatan Dini, mereka ini berfungsi sebagai pembantu Pak Kepala Dusun dalam memutuskan perlunya mengungsi ke tempat tinggi ataupun tidak. Untuk itu mereka telah memiliki kesepakatan bunyi tanda bahaya yang disosialisasikan pada warganya.
2. Regu Pengungsian / Evakuasi, mereka inilah yang akan memastikan bahwa kelompok rentan (para orangtua, wanita hamil, wanita menyusui, orang sakit dan orang cacat) akan mengungsi sebagaimana mestinya. Sebelum bencana regu ini idealnya sudah mempersiapkan daerah yang layak menjadi tujuan pengungsian.
3. Regu Pemetaan, berfungsi mengajak warga untuk mengenal lokasi-lokasi yang aman dan layak untuk dijadikan jalur evakuasi dan tempat menyelamakan diri. Mereka juga akan mampu menunjukan deerah dibawah ancaman bencana.
4. Regu Perintis, berfungsi sebagai “pembuka jalan-jalan” yang memudahkan masyarakatnya mencapai daerah-daeah yang diharapkan seperti sumber air saat di pengungsian, tempat buang hajat agar sanitasi tetap terjaga, dan juga tempat memperoleh makanan cadangan. Oleh karena itu orang yang masuk regu ini haruslah orang yang paham betul seluk beluk wilayahnya.
5. Regu Administrasi, Regu ini akan menyiapkan data-data serta kebutuhan administrasi yang dibutuhkan. Hal Administrasi merupakan hal yang paling menentukan kecepatan serta ketepatan penanganan masalah. Contoh: tak mungkin dicapai kesepakatan kebutuhan jumlah bahan makanan yang dibutuhkan apabila warga tak tahu berapa jumlah keluarga, dan anggotanya. Selain itu penyaluran bantuan akan menjadi lebih tertib dan cepat bila sudah tersedia hal-hal administratifnya.
6. Regu Logistik dan Perlengkapan, regu ini akan cepat bertindak meyediakan peralatan dan bahan yang dibutuhkan saat bencana maupun setelah bencana. Contohnya : penyediaan tenda, alat masak, dan beberapa alat pertukangan yang diperlukan dalam membangun tempat hunian sementara di pengungsian.
7. Regu Pencarian dan Penyelamatan, sering juga disebut Regu SAR. Merekalah yang akan mencari serta menyelamatkan yang hilang.
8. Regu Dapur Umum, menyediakan makanan sehat yang dibutuhkan paling tidak disaat-saat awal setelah bencana. Regu ini mungkin tak akan banyak berfungsi lagi saat para keluarga telah dapat mengupayakan makanannya sendiri.
9. Regu Kesehatan dan Pertolongan Pertama saat Kondisi Darurat, Regu ini bertugas mengobati yang luka akibat bencana. Dengan harapan peluang hidup korban menjadi lebih besar, untuk korban luka parah, tetap harus dirujuk ke Puskesmas ataupun Rumah Sakit terdekat.
10. Regu Keamanan, menjamin tertibnya kegiatan pengungsian dan penyaluran bantuan. Juga memastikan para kelompok rentan menjadi prioritas dalam mendapatkan bantuan.
11. Regu Penanganan Kebakaran, Regu ini akan waspada terhadap bahaya kebakaran yang mungkin timbul akibat kepanikan saat bencana. Regu ini juga akan mengadakan penyuluhan2 kewaspadaan terhadap bahaya kebakaran hutan.
12. Regu Informasi, Dokumentasi dan Hubungan Luar, Regu ini akan menjalin hubungan dengan pihak-pihak diluar komunitas masyarakat, dalam melaporkan serta mengupayakan hal-hal lain yang belum ada. Regu ini juga menjamin informasi dari pihak luar akan didapatkan oleh warga masyarakatnya. Oleh karenanya regu ini akan akrab dengan alat komunikasi serta media informasi.
Bapak Camat Sipora Selatan, Bpk. Akas Sikatsila mengungkapkan syukur atas inisiatif warganya dalam membentuk Tim Siaga Bencana di wilayahnya, dan berharap bisa di contoh oleh Desa an Dusun lain. Di kesempatan lain Bapak Camat Sipora Utara, Bpk. Syamsuddin berharap Tim ini bukan hanya dibentuk tapi mampu beraksi sebagaimana diharapkan. Pak Camat Siberut Selatan saat melantik timnya di Desa Taileleu punya harapan agar Tim Siaga Bencana mampu menjadi ”kunci sukses” selamatnya seluruh warga Siberut Barat Daya dari ancaman bencana yang diperkirakan oleh para Ahli geologi.
Dengan terbentuknya Tim-Tim Siaga Bencana atau Tim Penanggulangan Bencana lainnya di Dusun-Dusun Mentawai yang jumlahnya mencapai 202 Dusun tersebar di 43 Desa, niscaya kemandirian masyarakat bukan lagi menjadi wacana lagi. Saatnya kita katakan ”KITA BISA BERBUAT DISAAT YANG LAIN BELUM DATANG......”
Tanpa Pandang Bulu….,
…..REGU KESEHATAN DAN P3K, MEMPERPANJANG PELUANG HIDUP BAGI YANG TERLUKA
…REGU DAPUR UMUM MENYEDIAKAN MAKANAN SEHAT TRADISIONAL,DIAWAL MASA DARURAT
…REGU EVAKUASI DAN PENGUNGSIAN MEMPRIORITASKAN YANG LEMAH
….REGU INFORMASI MENGUPAYAKAN BANTUAN DAN MELAPORKAN SITUASI KE LUAR KOMUNITAS
….REGU LOGISTIK CEKATAN MENYEDIAKAN KEBUTUHAN HIDUP
…REGU ADMINISTRASI MENJAMIN AKUNTABILITAS PENYALURAN BANTUAN
…REGU KEAMANAN MENERTIBKAN DAN MENGAMANKAN SEGALA KEGIATAN
....dan
TUHAN YANG MEMBERI KEKUATAN SERTA PERLINDUNGAN
Taggei tubu itata ake’Pulotokat
(Motto Tim Penanggulangan Bencana Malilimo, Siberut Barat Daya, Mentawai)
Kesiapsiagaan Kita Menghilangkan Rasa Takut
There are no fear, when we prepared.
What makes the CBDRM Programme in Western Islands of Sumatera so Unique?
By: Joseph Viandrito
SurfAid International is implementing a three-year Community-Based Disaster Management and Risk Reduction initiative to develop effective disaster preparedness and management systems for the western islands of Sumatra. What makes it unique?
Firstly, the program targets the most risk communities in earthquake and tsunami prone areas. Sumatra is an active continental margin where tectonic processes are controlled by the three major fault systems of the Sunda Trench, the Sumatran Fault and the Mentawai Fault (John Milsom, University College London, UK). The island groups of the Western Islands have been formed by the subduction of the oceanic plate under the continental plate in an ongoing process. There is Palaeoseismic evidence of large recurrent earthquakes and tsunamis. Caltech and LIPI research shows signs of elevation of parts of the archipelago in 1600, 1797 and 1833 due to massive earthquakes, with eventual receding to their original state. The 2004 Aceh earthquake and 2005 Nias earthquake thrust parts of the archipelago up to 2 meters – raising the reef above current high tide marks. Other areas fell by up to 1 metre, such as occurred in parts of the Banyak Islands (Vant Hoff, field report, July 2005).
The aftershock pattern observable after these big seismic events suggested the following probability of more large earthquakes in the Western Islands over the following two years: A 12.5% chance of another magnitude 8 earthquake, and a 33.3% chance of a magnitude 7.5 earthquake. (Lucy Jones, U.S. Geological Survey, April 11, 2005). Both of these events occurred on 12 & 13 September 2007 (!) with Caltech and LIPI scientists warning that a section of the Mentawai Fault remains locked and extremely vulnerable. The likelihood of a tsunami being associated with a tectonic rupture depends on the depth of water above the earthquake epicenter. There are many locations along the Mentawai fault which are located in a depth of water sufficient to generate an associated tsunami.
Communities are vulnerable not just to earthquakes and tsunami disasters but a range of other natural disasters including landslides, flooding and epidemics. The likelihood of another major natural disaster in the Western Islands of Sumatra, combined with the ongoing vulnerability of much of the population, suggests a need for both enhanced community disaster preparedness and risk reduction strategies.
Secondly, the target communities are extremely isolated, predominantly coastal communities with very low human development indexes – particularly basic health, education and socio-economic indicators. Target villages in Mentawai islands are difficult to access and this is dependent on weather and sea patterns. Safety is a key issue for our staff. A Marine Manager is responsible for analysing weather and sea conditions before staff travel. A strong marine capacity is required for the Mentawai Islands, while in Nias Island roads to target villages are in poor condition and often accessed by motorbike or by foot. Weather conditions impact dramatically on access.
Although facing these constraints, the SurfAid International CBDRM program is successfully developing effective disaster preparedness and management systems for the western islands of Sumatra. High participation, contribution and involvement rates of the target communities and local governments have been noted in program activities. Communities are preparing their own action plan/mitigation projects, and have already established Community Disaster Risk Management Organizations (CDRMO). The program also empowers local government to establish district disaster management teams. Working in conjunction with the district and regional authorities ensures that preparedness plans feed properly into government disaster planning processes and supports their roles.
The main focus of the program is to socialize safe community concepts at the district, sub-district and village level, creating CDRMOs and conduct school-based training and simulations. Specific training that has been identified includes SAR (Search and Rescue) techniques and basic first aid. Other important skills include data collection and natural disaster analysis. SurfAid International will continue to work together with the district government including disaster response units, planning department and local parliament to assist in the formation of district planning and budgeting in line with the new Disaster Management Law.
In the Mentawai Islands E-Prep staffs have joined the Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Preparation Team to assist with data validation and other identified post-disaster activities. In Nias E-Prep is an active member of the Disaster Management Coalition and will continue to lay an important role in this organisation. SurfAid is also a member of the West Sumatera Disaster Management Coalition.
At grassroots level, the program has given benefit to community in 55 target villages – 33 target villages in Nias Island, North Sumatra and 22 target villages in the Mentawai Islands, West Sumatra. The direct beneficiaries of the project are approximately 35,000 people from the 53 villages which are spread over eight sub-districts. The indirect beneficiaries are the households in neighboring villages who will have opportunities to better prepare their communities via transfer of knowledge and cross-utilization of resilience mechanisms. Many of the total population of 770,000 in Nias and Mentawai get benefit from a community awareness campaign that includes radio and other multimedia educational materials such as print, film and community celebration activities.
A village-based social marketing strategy was conceived to help promote CBDRM to the wider community and to teach key disaster management concepts. The strategy was designed to encourage community participation by organising a series of celebratory events and competitions which involved school children, women’s groups, religious leaders and village elders. Some tactics are Village Welcome Gates Competition, Emergency Preparedness Information Board Competition, Community Poster Competition, Disaster Preparedness Songs Competition (in local language), Emergency cooking competition; Emergency tent competition; Painting competitions for children; Disaster Quiz; Emergency Grab Bag Competitions; Events and competitions linked to independence day celebrations.
Community based disaster preparedness also provides an opportunity to work together with local communities on structured plans, in association with the dissemination of clear information about the current levels of risk. It provides a chance to review traditional knowledge and draw upon local resources and wisdom. Each community has formulated standard operating procedures, evacuation routes and evacuation sites, baseline data and will identify mitigation projects and future training needs. PDRA techniques have been implemented, in order to make appropriate plans and implement concrete actions to reduce and/or eliminate disaster risks that will adversely affect their lives. The process of implementing PDRA involves those at risk, authorities and other stakeholders.
Communities have produced hazard and resources maps, to identify areas at risk from specific hazards and the vulnerable members of the community and to identify available resources that could be used by community members in disaster risk management. Communities also made Matrix Ranking to determine the hazard that has the most serious impact on the community.
In order to learn what are the significant disaster events that occur in the community, communities have produced historical timelines, and to get a picture of the vulnerability of the community and the resources that are available or could be available for disaster risk management, people have conducted transect walks. Other techniques have also been implemented such as seasonal calendars, historical transect, institutional/social network analysis, problem tree, and dream maps. Each village then prepares a Hazard Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis (HVCA) framework and a Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Plan which will be presented to the sub-district and district governments. These plans will form the basis of village disaster preparedness action plans and will be combined with village-based contingency planning for disasters.
Accurate information remains an important component of the E-Prep Program. The program will continue to create disaster preparedness media including a bi-monthly radio program (Radio Siaga Bencana), a bimonthly bulletin (Waspada!), publish and distribute posters designed by the communities, distribute pocket information books on earthquakes etc. E-Prep is currently producing a series of CBDRM films which will be used to assist local communities to address disaster preparedness and response issues. The films will include cover explanation of CBDRM, hazard and risk mapping, search and rescue and early disaster response and forming and maintaining village disaster management teams. These films will also be distributed throughout Indonesia. A series of disaster preparedness puppet films will be shown to children in the target communities through a traveling cinema program. These film nights will include disaster management education activities.
The disaster response capacity of SurfAid has been proven through the three most recent disasters in the region – 2004 Indian Ocean tsunamis, 2005 Nias earthquake, and 2007 Mentawai earthquake. Experience gained through these emergency responses can be transferred into operating procedures and logistical knowledge. Knowledge and operating capacity in the geo-marine environment, and established relationships with communities and the governments, places SurfAid in a unique position to implement a successful community disaster preparedness program.
SurfAid International is implementing a three-year Community-Based Disaster Management and Risk Reduction initiative to develop effective disaster preparedness and management systems for the western islands of Sumatra. What makes it unique?
Firstly, the program targets the most risk communities in earthquake and tsunami prone areas. Sumatra is an active continental margin where tectonic processes are controlled by the three major fault systems of the Sunda Trench, the Sumatran Fault and the Mentawai Fault (John Milsom, University College London, UK). The island groups of the Western Islands have been formed by the subduction of the oceanic plate under the continental plate in an ongoing process. There is Palaeoseismic evidence of large recurrent earthquakes and tsunamis. Caltech and LIPI research shows signs of elevation of parts of the archipelago in 1600, 1797 and 1833 due to massive earthquakes, with eventual receding to their original state. The 2004 Aceh earthquake and 2005 Nias earthquake thrust parts of the archipelago up to 2 meters – raising the reef above current high tide marks. Other areas fell by up to 1 metre, such as occurred in parts of the Banyak Islands (Vant Hoff, field report, July 2005).
The aftershock pattern observable after these big seismic events suggested the following probability of more large earthquakes in the Western Islands over the following two years: A 12.5% chance of another magnitude 8 earthquake, and a 33.3% chance of a magnitude 7.5 earthquake. (Lucy Jones, U.S. Geological Survey, April 11, 2005). Both of these events occurred on 12 & 13 September 2007 (!) with Caltech and LIPI scientists warning that a section of the Mentawai Fault remains locked and extremely vulnerable. The likelihood of a tsunami being associated with a tectonic rupture depends on the depth of water above the earthquake epicenter. There are many locations along the Mentawai fault which are located in a depth of water sufficient to generate an associated tsunami.
Communities are vulnerable not just to earthquakes and tsunami disasters but a range of other natural disasters including landslides, flooding and epidemics. The likelihood of another major natural disaster in the Western Islands of Sumatra, combined with the ongoing vulnerability of much of the population, suggests a need for both enhanced community disaster preparedness and risk reduction strategies.
Secondly, the target communities are extremely isolated, predominantly coastal communities with very low human development indexes – particularly basic health, education and socio-economic indicators. Target villages in Mentawai islands are difficult to access and this is dependent on weather and sea patterns. Safety is a key issue for our staff. A Marine Manager is responsible for analysing weather and sea conditions before staff travel. A strong marine capacity is required for the Mentawai Islands, while in Nias Island roads to target villages are in poor condition and often accessed by motorbike or by foot. Weather conditions impact dramatically on access.
Although facing these constraints, the SurfAid International CBDRM program is successfully developing effective disaster preparedness and management systems for the western islands of Sumatra. High participation, contribution and involvement rates of the target communities and local governments have been noted in program activities. Communities are preparing their own action plan/mitigation projects, and have already established Community Disaster Risk Management Organizations (CDRMO). The program also empowers local government to establish district disaster management teams. Working in conjunction with the district and regional authorities ensures that preparedness plans feed properly into government disaster planning processes and supports their roles.
The main focus of the program is to socialize safe community concepts at the district, sub-district and village level, creating CDRMOs and conduct school-based training and simulations. Specific training that has been identified includes SAR (Search and Rescue) techniques and basic first aid. Other important skills include data collection and natural disaster analysis. SurfAid International will continue to work together with the district government including disaster response units, planning department and local parliament to assist in the formation of district planning and budgeting in line with the new Disaster Management Law.
In the Mentawai Islands E-Prep staffs have joined the Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Preparation Team to assist with data validation and other identified post-disaster activities. In Nias E-Prep is an active member of the Disaster Management Coalition and will continue to lay an important role in this organisation. SurfAid is also a member of the West Sumatera Disaster Management Coalition.
At grassroots level, the program has given benefit to community in 55 target villages – 33 target villages in Nias Island, North Sumatra and 22 target villages in the Mentawai Islands, West Sumatra. The direct beneficiaries of the project are approximately 35,000 people from the 53 villages which are spread over eight sub-districts. The indirect beneficiaries are the households in neighboring villages who will have opportunities to better prepare their communities via transfer of knowledge and cross-utilization of resilience mechanisms. Many of the total population of 770,000 in Nias and Mentawai get benefit from a community awareness campaign that includes radio and other multimedia educational materials such as print, film and community celebration activities.
A village-based social marketing strategy was conceived to help promote CBDRM to the wider community and to teach key disaster management concepts. The strategy was designed to encourage community participation by organising a series of celebratory events and competitions which involved school children, women’s groups, religious leaders and village elders. Some tactics are Village Welcome Gates Competition, Emergency Preparedness Information Board Competition, Community Poster Competition, Disaster Preparedness Songs Competition (in local language), Emergency cooking competition; Emergency tent competition; Painting competitions for children; Disaster Quiz; Emergency Grab Bag Competitions; Events and competitions linked to independence day celebrations.
Community based disaster preparedness also provides an opportunity to work together with local communities on structured plans, in association with the dissemination of clear information about the current levels of risk. It provides a chance to review traditional knowledge and draw upon local resources and wisdom. Each community has formulated standard operating procedures, evacuation routes and evacuation sites, baseline data and will identify mitigation projects and future training needs. PDRA techniques have been implemented, in order to make appropriate plans and implement concrete actions to reduce and/or eliminate disaster risks that will adversely affect their lives. The process of implementing PDRA involves those at risk, authorities and other stakeholders.
Communities have produced hazard and resources maps, to identify areas at risk from specific hazards and the vulnerable members of the community and to identify available resources that could be used by community members in disaster risk management. Communities also made Matrix Ranking to determine the hazard that has the most serious impact on the community.
In order to learn what are the significant disaster events that occur in the community, communities have produced historical timelines, and to get a picture of the vulnerability of the community and the resources that are available or could be available for disaster risk management, people have conducted transect walks. Other techniques have also been implemented such as seasonal calendars, historical transect, institutional/social network analysis, problem tree, and dream maps. Each village then prepares a Hazard Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis (HVCA) framework and a Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Plan which will be presented to the sub-district and district governments. These plans will form the basis of village disaster preparedness action plans and will be combined with village-based contingency planning for disasters.
Accurate information remains an important component of the E-Prep Program. The program will continue to create disaster preparedness media including a bi-monthly radio program (Radio Siaga Bencana), a bimonthly bulletin (Waspada!), publish and distribute posters designed by the communities, distribute pocket information books on earthquakes etc. E-Prep is currently producing a series of CBDRM films which will be used to assist local communities to address disaster preparedness and response issues. The films will include cover explanation of CBDRM, hazard and risk mapping, search and rescue and early disaster response and forming and maintaining village disaster management teams. These films will also be distributed throughout Indonesia. A series of disaster preparedness puppet films will be shown to children in the target communities through a traveling cinema program. These film nights will include disaster management education activities.
The disaster response capacity of SurfAid has been proven through the three most recent disasters in the region – 2004 Indian Ocean tsunamis, 2005 Nias earthquake, and 2007 Mentawai earthquake. Experience gained through these emergency responses can be transferred into operating procedures and logistical knowledge. Knowledge and operating capacity in the geo-marine environment, and established relationships with communities and the governments, places SurfAid in a unique position to implement a successful community disaster preparedness program.
Preparing For the Next Big Earthquake
Preparing For the Next Big Earthquake:
SurfAid Profiled on Australia Network
On 7 May 2008, Australia Network's NewsHour, which airs throughout Asia and the Pacific, broadcast "Preparing for the next big earthquake", a story focusing on the September 2007 earthquakes in the Mentawais and SurfAid's role in improving disaster response through the E-Prep program, which is sponsored by AusAID. The piece included information on SurfAid's efforts to expand the broadcasting capability of local radio in the islands, as well as an interview with E-Prep Programme Manager Jason Brown.
From:
http://australianetwork.com/newshour/archives.htm?site=May2008
SurfAid Profiled on Australia Network
On 7 May 2008, Australia Network's NewsHour, which airs throughout Asia and the Pacific, broadcast "Preparing for the next big earthquake", a story focusing on the September 2007 earthquakes in the Mentawais and SurfAid's role in improving disaster response through the E-Prep program, which is sponsored by AusAID. The piece included information on SurfAid's efforts to expand the broadcasting capability of local radio in the islands, as well as an interview with E-Prep Programme Manager Jason Brown.
From:
http://australianetwork.com/newshour/archives.htm?site=May2008
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